The US Federal Reserve left rates unchanged, as expected, maintaining the Fed funds target range at 3.5–3.75 per cent. In the press statement, the Committee (FOMC) made clear that geopolitical risks add an increased layer of uncertainty to both sides of the mandate, but other than that, there was little change to the consensus-driven statement. Indeed, little change was the order of the day, with a small 20 basis point increase in core inflation expectations, which wasn’t mirrored on the interest rate side resulting in a modestly dovish tilt. However, the shift to a single dovish dissent, versus the two or three expected, added a slightly hawkish nuance. Taking it all together, the sense is of a committee constrained by uncertainty, waiting for events in the Middle East to unfold.
In the press conference, Chair Powell attempted to provide a measured and calm set of forward guidance emphasising the need not to overreact to current events, noting “it’s too soon to know how these will affect the data”, and emphasising exceptionally high uncertainty. He instead placed emphasis on maintaining inflation credibility, particularly through the lens of inflation expectations. Chair Powell also made clear that the Committee is comfortable taking a wait-and-see approach as the impact of the conflict unfolds, while placing greater weight on the need for goods inflation to slow meaningfully over the year. He was explicit that any bias towards easing remains conditional on that progress materialising.
Looking ahead to the rates outlook for the rest of the year, this will unsurprisingly be dominated by developments in the Middle East. In our base case scenario of oil prices remaining elevated but rangebound at $90-$110/bbl, we would expect the Federal Reserve to remain on hold for longer, with the bar for near-term easing rising. That said, we do not think this environment, on its own, is sufficient to drive a renewed tightening cycle, as the growth drag should remain manageable and the shock is likely to have a one-time price effect, rather than being broadly inflationary.
By contrast, a move into an upside tail risk scenario with oil prices above $120/bbl (a significant fat tail risk that is currently rising in probability) would create a materially more difficult policy backdrop. Such a sustained oil move would reinforce a higher-for-longer stance, particularly if transport and broader goods prices begin to reaccelerate alongside rising fuel costs. However, we would also expect the medium-term policy path to become less linear, as a deeper energy shock would raise the risk of demand destruction and recession later in the year.
Taken together, if our base case scenario plays out, then we would still expect one to two cuts from the Fed this year. But we would note that events are shifting rapidly in the Middle East with signs of escalation appearing after Iranian energy infrastructure was hit today, which, if this persists, almost certainly removes the chances of cuts this year.
